[Responses of root physiological characteristics of different drought-tolerant cotton varieties to drought]. / ä¸¤ä¸ªä¸åŒè€æ—±æ€§æ£‰èŠ±å“ç§æ ¹ç³»ç”Ÿç†ç‰¹æ€§å¯¹å¹²æ—±çš„å“åº”.

In order to explore the physiological responses of root system of different drought-resistant cotton varieties to drought and their relationships with biomass, we examined the effects of drought stress on root vigor, antioxidant enzyme activities and anatomic structure (duct diameter, number) and biomass of different drought-tolerant varieties, including the drought-inolerant variety 'Xinluzao 17' (L17) and the drought-tolerant variety 'Xinluzao 22' (L22). Both varieties were grown under soil column cultivation conditions, with conventional irrigation (CK), mild drought (W1) and moderate drought (W2) treatments. The results showed that drought stress caused significant reductions in soluble protein (SP) content, root vigor (RV), the number of cork layers, the number of rhizome ducts, the diameter of the ducts in both varieties. The higher root MDA content, CAT, POD and SOD activities in response to drought led to reduction of aboveground dry mass. Compared with that of L17, SP content, 0-40 cm and 80-120 cm soil layer RV, the number of cork layers, the number of rhizome ducts, the diameter of ducts, and the aboveground dry mass of L22 all signi-ficantly increased. Under the W2 treatment, the RV decrease of L22 was 26.2% lower than that of L17, and CAT, POD, SOD activities and the thickness of cortex were 43.6%, 6.9%, 25.4%, 19.9% higher than that of L17. There were positive correlations between dry mass and RV, SOD, POD, the number of cork layers, the diameter and number of rhizome ducts. Therefore, cotton variety with strong drought tolerance could maintain higher root activity, cork layer number, the diameter of rhizome ducts, and number under drought conditions, and thus promote the accumulation of aboveground biomass, which was the physiological mechanism for their stronger drought tolerance.

[Responses of cotton canopy structure characteristics to drip irrigation quota in north Xinjiang, China]. / æ–°ç–†åŒ—éƒ¨æ£‰èŠ±å† å±‚ç»“æž„ç‰¹å¾å¯¹æ»´çŒå®šé¢çš„å“åº”.

We investigated the effects of different drip irrigation quotas on leaf area index (LAI), diffuse non-interceptance (DIFN), light interception rate (LIR), canopy apparent photosynthetic rate (CAP), and cotton yield of Xinluzao 45 in field of north Xinjiang. There were five drip irrigation treatments, i.e. W1: 600 m3·hm-2, W2: 540 m3·hm-2, W3: 480 m3·hm-2, W4: 420 m3·hm-2, W5: 360 m3·hm-2. The results showed that with the decrease in drip irrigation quota, LAI, LIR and CAP of cotton substantially decreased, with the difference between W1 and W2 being not statistically significant from the full squaring to boll opening stage. Moreover, DIFN was enhanced with the reduction in drip irrigation quota. Highest seed and lint yield (6549 kg·hm-2 and 2677 kg·hm-2, respectively) presented in W1. W2 got a 6.5% reduction of seed cotton yield compared with W1, but the irrigation water use efficiency was enhanced by 3.9%. LAI, LIR and CAP were positively correlated with seed cotton yield from full flowering stage to full boll stage. Therefore, drip irrigation quota at 540 m3·hm-2 could increase irrigation water use efficiency, maintain higher leaf area index, increase diffuse non-interceptance, and ensure light interception rate from full flowering stage to full boll stage, which could enhance canopy apparent photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency without sacrificing yield.

An Open-label, Self-control, Prospective Study on Cognitive Function, Academic Performance, and Tolerability of Osmotic-release Oral System Methylphenidate in Children with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common mental and behavioral disorder in school-aged children. This study evaluated the effect of osmotic-release oral system (OROS) methylphenidate (MPH) on cognitive function and academic performance of Chinese school-aged children with ADHD. METHODS: This 12-week, prospective, multicenter, open-label, self-controlled study enrolled 153 Chinese school-aged children with ADHD and 41 non-ADHD children. Children with ADHD were treated with once-daily OROS-MPH (18 mg, 36 mg, or 54 mg). The primary endpoints were Inattention/Overactivity (I/O) with Aggression Conners Behavior Rating Scale (IOWA) and Digit Span Test at week 12 compared with baseline. Secondary endpoints included opposition/defiant (O/D) subscale of IOWA, Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Coding Test, Stroop Color-word Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), academic performance on teacher-rated school examinations, and safety at week 12 compared with baseline. Both non-ADHD and ADHD children received the same frequency of cognitive operational test to avoid the possible bias caused by training. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients were evaluated with cognitive assessments. The OROS-MPH treatment significantly improved IOWA Conners I/O subscale scores at week 12 (3.8 ± 2.3) versus baseline (10.0 ± 2.4; P < 0.0001). Digit Span Test scores improved significantly (P < 0.0001) with a high remission rate (81.1%) at week 12 versus baseline. A significant (P < 0.0001) improvement was observed in O/D subscale of IOWA, CGI, Coding Test, Stroop Color-word Test, WCST, and academic performance at week 12 versus baseline. Very few practice-related improvements were noticed in the non-ADHD group at week 12 compared with baseline. No serious adverse events and deaths were reported during the study. CONCLUSIONS: The OROS-MPH treatment effectively controlled symptoms of ADHD and significantly improved academic performance and cognitive function of Chinese school-aged children with ADHD. The treatment was found to be safe and generally well-tolerated over 12 weeks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01933880; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01933880?term=CONCERTAATT4099&rank=1.

Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: functional outcomes in children and adolescents from non-Western countries.

OBJECTIVE: Functional outcomes were measured over a 12-month period in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after they received monotherapy. DESIGN: Prospective, observational, noninterventional study. SETTING: Conducted in six non-Western countries. PARTICIPANTS: Outpatients 6 to 17 years of age with a verified diagnosis of ADHD in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), together with their physicians, decided to initiate or switch treatment for ADHD. Patients were prescribed pharmacological monotherapy: methylphenidate (n=221), nootropic agents (n=91), or atomoxetine (n=234). MEASUREMENTS: Patients were followed for changes in their functional status and quality of life, which were assessed with the Child Health and Illness Profile-Child Edition (CHIP-CE) Achievement domain. RESULTS: At the end of the study, a mean improvement on the CHIP-CE Achievement domain score was observed for all countries and therapies except in Taiwan, where patients received atomoxetine, and in Lebanon, where patients received methylphenidate. No patient experienced a serious adverse event during the study. Four patients discontinued due to a treatment-emergent adverse event. CONCLUSION: After 12 months of treatment, clinical and functional outcomes were improved in children and adolescents from non-Western countries who initiated and remained on their prescribed pharmacological monotherapy.

Ring-chain tautomerism in organic synthesis: synthesis of heterocyclic enamines from a novel and practical formal ring transformation reaction of lactones.

A novel approach to heterocyclic enamines has been developed from the formal ring transformation reaction of lactones. The synthesis comprises consecutive Reformatsky reaction of lactones and mesylation of the resulting mixture of ring-chain tautomers in a one-pot reaction, followed by cyclocondensation reaction with primary amines. The synthetic application of this method was demonstrated by a straightforward preparation of indolizidine compounds via N-(3-bromopropyl)-substituted enamine intermediates. The use of cheap and readily available materials and reagents under very mild conditions renders this formal ring transformation method practical and applicable in the preparation of various heterocyclic enamines that are the precursors for (poly)hydroxylated alkaloid derivatives.